hyperbole in letter from birmingham jail

You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. He then continues to address them in his introduction with respect and a cordial tone. Hi! Showing the readers that the cops were actually the violent ones in the nonviolent protest that was going on, theyre the ones causing the harm instead of preventing it. Refine any search. [15] The tension was intended to compel meaningful negotiation with the white power structure without which true civil rights could never be achieved. I refuse to accept the idea that the isness of mans present nature makes him morally incapable of reaching up for the eternal oughtness that forever confronts him., American civil rights leader and politician, Attendees of Martin Luther King, Jr.s Funeral, The Southern Christian Leadership Conference. In "Letter from Birmingham Jail," why is King disappointed in the white church? Within the portal, all users can view and copy all storyboards. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. As will be discussed in more detail below, there are incessant strains of optimism throughout the Letter even at its grimmest, all of which suggest that Dr. King believes that many men especially those who describe themselves as moderate have a natural sense of justice that simply needs to be directed properly. King kept a serious but sincere voice getting straight to the point, but also persuading his audience. King wrote his response in the margins of the paper, in pieces, and they were smuggled back out to a fellow pastor . [8] On April 12, King was arrested with SCLC activist Ralph Abernathy, ACMHR and SCLC official Fred Shuttlesworth, and other marchers, while thousands of African Americans dressed for Good Friday looked on. However, in his devotion to his cause, King referred to himself as an extremist. In a footnote introducing this chapter of the book, King wrote, "Although the text remains in substance unaltered, I have indulged in the author's prerogative of polishing it.". "[25], In the closing, King criticized the clergy's praise of the Birmingham police for maintaining order nonviolently. [6] These leaders in Birmingham were legally not required to leave their office until 1965, meaning that something else had to be done to generate change. Was Martin Luther King, Jr., a Republican or a Democrat? The letter has been described as "one of the most important historical documents penned by a modern political prisoner",[1] and is considered a classic document of civil disobedience.[2][3][4][5]. While in the Birmingham City jail, Martin Luther King, Jr. had little access to the outside world, and was only able to read "A Call to Unity" when a trusted friend smuggled the newspaper into his jail cell. 3.1.2023 7:00 AM, 2022 Reason Foundation | MLK doesnt take time to justify these two groups of their rights and wrongs, but rather backs them up with facts that result in their actions. [a], The letter was anthologized and reprinted around 50 times in 325 editions of 58 readers. Give an example from the text in the description box. Even ignoring its great influence throughout decades and the world, the letter is a masterpiece of didactic, legalistic, emotional, and most of all moral, argument. A more elaborate semi-dodge is that the ecosystem for political journalism and discourse needs to be recognized as containing several distinct, if overlapping, subcategories, ones that shouldn't necessarily disqualify the practitioners from polite society. He wrote this letter from his jail cell after him and several of his associates were arrested as they nonviolently protested segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. The question of time comes up often in the struggle for civil rights, and King dedicates a large portion of his letter to responding to this issue from the African American perspective. A) 6.02 x 1023 B) 3.49 x 1024 9103 1023 D) 400 E) none of the above 15 15) How many moles are there in 82.5 grams of iron? How do his claims and evidence worl to develop this argument? This final point in the letter returns to the present moment, where the police can abuse African Americans and still receive a commendation from leaders of the religious community. A hyperbole is when someone used exaggeration for effect. It's the literary equivalent of a no-left-turn sign. 6 terms. Hayek then moved the ball with his massively influential text of economic hyperbole, The Road to Serfdom. He first acknowledges the criticism that he is one of many outsiders coming in to cause trouble (their words). Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs "[23] King's discussion of extremism implicitly responded to numerous "moderate" objections to the ongoing movement, such as US President Dwight D. Eisenhower's claim that he could not meet with civil rights leaders because doing so would require him to meet with the Ku Klux Klan. At the center of civil disobedience is the public nature of law-breaking: these African Americans are protesting publicly, and allowing themselves to be arrested, to bring attention to the unjust laws. King presents a solid legal argument in this section, while still focusing on morality in a Christian context. He prided himself as being among extremists such as Jesus, the prophet Amos, the apostle Paul, Martin Luther, and Abraham Lincoln, and observed that the country as a whole and the South in particular stood in need of creative men of extreme action. Cedars, S.R.. McKeever, Christine ed. King's letter, dated April 16, 1963,[12] responded to several criticisms made by the "A Call for Unity" clergymen, who agreed that social injustices existed but argued that the battle against racial segregation should be fought solely in the courts, not the streets. Please include all information in your posts. First, I must confess that over the past few years . The very first paragraph of his new polemic, Blue Planet in Green Shackles, is an advertisement for Klaus' typically crude political goal of caricaturing the opposition beyond recognition. If today I lived in a Communist country where certain principles dear to the Christian faith are suppressed, I would openly advocate disobeying that country's antireligious laws. King wrote the first part of the letter on the margins of a newspaper, which was the only paper available to him. King establishes the difference between ordinary crime and civil disobedience. He meant this to be a statement for universal justice, not a specific treatise on an Alabama city in the 1960s. For example, students at Miles College boycotted local downtown stores for eight weeks, which resulted in a decrease in sales by 40% and two stores desegregating their water fountains. King says having to explain to your six-year-old daughter why she cant go to the public amusement park, and see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told the fun town is closed to color children, and see ominous clouds of inferiority beginning to form in her little mental sky and see her beginning to distort her personality by developing an unconscious bitterness towards white people (King 275). (For a great disquisition on the contemporary misuses of the word fascism, see Michael C. Moynihan's "Crying Wolf" on page 50.) Examples.. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. -Graham S. In the past, the African American community has attempted to negotiate with Birmingham community leaders, but had their hopes dashed. One of Kings central points in this letter is that moderation is not a politically prudent tactic, especially when African Americans find themselves in the kind of physical, emotional, and psychological danger that he described earlier. hyperbole "many streets of the South would, I am convinced, be flowing with blood" alliteration speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six year old pathos "see tears welling up in her eyes" logos Funtown is closed to colored children. As he refers to Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego It was evidenced sublimely in the refusal of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego to obey the laws of Nebuchadnezzar, on the ground that a higher moral law was at stake. '"[18] Along similar lines, King also lamented the "myth concerning time" by which white moderates assumed that progress toward equal rights was inevitable and so assertive activism was unnecessary. Alabama has used "all sorts of devious methods" to deny its Black citizens their right to vote and thus preserve its unjust laws and broader system of white supremacy. Furthermore, he wrote: "I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for law."[20]. The most remarkable takeaway from this letter is Kings overall tone he keeps throughout as he could have approached his audience multiple different ways. King thus emphasizes the role of action (in the form of nonviolent protest) as the only way of making change. Spelling is very inaccurate and hinders full understanding. Reprinted in "Reporting Civil Rights, Part One", (pp. How did direct action in Birmingham, according to King, develop over time? 2023 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Latest answer posted April 20, 2018 at 9:40:55 PM. King, From the Birmingham Jail, Christian Century 80 (12 June 1963): 767773. Tuccille How many atoms are in 5.80 moles of he? The traditional defense of predictions that end up missing the mark is that 1) it's hard to predict the future, 2) at least the prediction served as an alluring first taste with which to wash down more timeless truths, and 3) maybe the dour prediction itself influenced events so as to prevent it from coming true. Illustrations show attention to the details of the story and demonstrate connection to the literary elements. These readers were published for college-level composition courses between 1964 and 1968.[39]. msskp91. He went on to explain that the purpose of direct action was to create a crisis situation out of which negotiation could emerge. The final eye opener in Klaus' progression was, of course, that definitional piece of hyperbole: a dystopian novel about totalitarianism. Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/rhetorical-analysis-of-the-letter-of-birmingham-jail/. It was practiced superbly by the early Christians, who were willing to face hungry lions and the excruciating pain of chopping blocks rather than submit to certain unjust laws of the Roman Empire (King 277). He articulated the resentment felt when you are forever fighting a degenerating sense of nobodinessthen you will understand why we find it difficult to wait (King, Why, 84). Hyperbole #1: "This homework assignment is going to take forever!". King moves on to tie the current struggle for racial freedom to the historical struggle for American independence from Britain. 11 terms. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. Give us your paper requirements, choose a writer and well deliver the highest-quality essay! Mistakes do not get in the way of understanding. I must make two honest confessions to you, my Christian and Jewish brothers. And hyperboleincluding the kind inevitably less refined than Thompson at his bestdeserves its place under the sun. Activists then considered the timing of their protests carefully, placing particular emphasis on holiday shopping and the mayoral election. He also includes examples from American history, thus placing his critics in the place of historical villains, such as the British. | How does Martin Luther King, Jr. use hyperbole in his "Letter From Birmingham Jail" ?? King redefines and embraces the term extremist. Like the other extremists he lists, King believes that his cause will win out in the long run, and that he is on the right side of history. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. and to draw attention to specific aspects of his arguments through the use of vivid imagery. He describes the extent of the organizations reach, and then explains that one of its affiliates in Birmingham had invited the SCLC to engage in a nonviolent direct-action program when racial issues grew difficult there. Will we be extremists for hate or for love? In addressing the first complaint that he is an outsider Dr. Kings tone is particularly measured and legalistic. Fred Shuttlesworth, defied an injunction against protesting on Good Friday in 1963. How does King define "just" laws and "unjust" laws? One day the South will recognize its real heroes."[29]. Each version of Storyboard That has a different privacy and security model that is tailored for the expected usage. He Kept Quiet. Make sure your essay is plagiarism-free or hire a writer to get a unique paper crafted to your needs. King also decried the inaction of white moderates such as the clergymen, charging that human progress comes through the tireless efforts of men willing to be co-workers with God, and without this hard work, time itself becomes an ally of the forces of social stagnation (King, Why, 89). President Kennedy seemed to be in support of desegregation, however, was slow to take action. He meant in almost explicit terms for it to stand in the tradition of prophetic prison letters, the most famous of which are those attributed to Paul of Tarsus and included in the New Testament. Some may say Martian Luther King could persuade anyone and anything, by the choice of his words and how he made them flow together. "[17], The clergymen also disapproved of the timing of public actions. Like politicians calling for federalism, critics who aggressively pick nits are usually more opportunistic than principled, although that doesn't lessen the valuable service they provide in holding modern-day journalists to a higher standard of factual practice than the novelistic columnists of yore. So does crude partisan rhetoric. Please contact Intellectual Properties Management (IPM), the exclusive licensor of the Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. atlicensing@i-p-m.comor 404 526-8968. "Which statement" means that you have been provided with answer choices for your question. MLK then establishes his credibility by saying, I have the honor of serving as president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization operating in every southern state, with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia. The first paragraph of the letter refuses to take the high ground, and stipulates the goodwill of the clergymen who wrote the initial attack on King and the SCLC. He makes this statement to show he is not an outsider but presents himself as an insider, as he is the president of the conference. After stating the racial injustices that have been going on for too long he continues to logically reply to the question asked Why direct action? If you want a unique paper, order it from our professional writers. For example, Now is the time to make real the promise of democracy and transform our pending national elegy into a creative psalm of brotherhood. He made the reader sympathize with what the black people were going through on a day to day basis. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. As a Baptist minister, King has a depth of knowledge of the Bible and history of Christianity, which he uses to his advantage in this letter. King responds with complete confidence that he is in the right place at the right time, and that his actions are necessary. The first half of the letter was introduced into testimony before Congress by Representative William Fitts Ryan (DNY) and published in the Congressional Record. I wrote a long feature for the college daily about the two-decade history of this particular curricular push and in the process quickly came to realize that a nine-point "fact" sheet being passed around by the self-starvers was filled with exactly nine gross misrepresentations of the truth. From the Birmingham jail, King wrote a letter of great eloquence in which he spelled out his philosophy of nonviolence: You may well ask: Why direct action? While his critics have expressed concern about his behavior, King turns the tables on them and focuses on the systemic racism that white authorities have ignored for far too long. Latest answer posted November 25, 2019 at 10:49:16 AM. He used many hyperboles to try to show them that his fight was justified and that racism was a serious matter. [28] Instead of the police, King praised the nonviolent demonstrators in Birmingham "for their sublime courage, their willingness to suffer and their amazing discipline in the midst of great provocation. The "letter of Birmingham Jail" was written by Martin Luther King on April 16, 1963. What are four different arguments in Dr. King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail"? "Letter to Birmingham Jail" was written by Martin Luther King Jr. in 1963 in order to address several clergymen who had criticized Dr. King's, as well as his supporters' actions and protests. The next critical point King addresses is the question of extremism, which his critics have used as an insult or warning, and by which they hope to de-legitimize the civil rights movement. "Asia and Africa are moving with jetlike speed." 2. eNotes Editorial, 12 Dec. 2017, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/please-provide-some-examples-hyperboles-letter-1116490. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. If you are looking for some examples of hyperbole in King's "Letter," here are some examples: The nations of Asia and Africa are moving with jetlike speed toward the goal of political. [7] The citizens of Birmingham's efforts in desegregation caught King's attention, especially with their previous attempts resulting in failure or broken promises. Instant PDF downloads. Specify your topic, deadline, number of pages and other requirements. The nonviolent campaign was coordinated by the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) and King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). You can order an original essay written according to your instructions. This Wait has almost always meant Never (King, Why, 83). | King had to use his platform to set it straight as there were only newspapers at the time to capture the major brutalitys if they were lucky. It was the kind of charge that would become familiar. Compared to other movements at the time, King found himself as a moderate. Martin Luther King then backs up his view of just and unjust laws with many political figures who set laws that were made to be broken for the rights of the people that faced injustices. The preservation of order is not as important as the fight for justice. "[16], The clergymen also disapproved of tensions created by public actions such as sit-ins and marches. King justified the tactic of civil disobedience by stating that, just as the Bibles Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refused to obey Nebuchadnezzars unjust laws and colonists staged the Boston Tea Party, he refused to submit to laws and injunctions that were employed to uphold segregation and deny citizens their rights to peacefully assemble and protest. Accessibility | If you are looking for some examples of hyperbole in King's "Letter," here are some examples: The nations of Asia and Africa are moving with jetlike speed toward the goal of political independence, and we still creep at horse-and-buggy pace toward the gaining of a cup of coffee at a lunch counter. or 404 526-8968. Not only did he bring those injustices forward, but his letter was the stepping stone for the civil rights movement of the 1960s, as justice was finally approaching. Now is the time to lift our national policy from the quicksand of racial injustice to the solid rock of human dignity (King 279). As George McGovern campaign director Frank Mankiewicz famously said of Thompson's Fear and Loathing: On the Campaign Trail '72, it was the "least accurate yet most truthful" of all the books written about the 1972 presidential race. MLK also includes many metaphors in the letter to create that image in the readers mind and to make important arguments. Create a storyboard that shows different literary elements from the story. Jesus and other great reformers were extremists: "So the question is not whether we will be extremists, but what kind of extremists we will be. Teachers and parents! "Please provide some examples of hyperboles in the Letter from a Birmingham City Jail." Alliteration in Letter to Birmingham Jail By:Jim Johnson,Sarah Jones,and Stella Rodriguez Definition:the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words Alliteration "god given rights" Example 1 The word "God"was directed toward the clergy. What is the claim that Martin Luther King, Jr. is making in "Letter from Birmingham Jail"? King was jailed along with large numbers of his supporters, including hundreds of schoolchildren. King addressed the accusation that the Civil Rights Movement was "extreme" by first disputing the label but then accepting it. "Letter From Birmingham Jail Opening through I have organizational ties here. Summary and Analysis". Create a storyboard that shows five examples of literary elements in "Letter from a Birmingham Jail". [7] King, passionate for this change, created "Project C", meaning confrontation, to do just that. More books than SparkNotes. [31] Extensive excerpts from the letter were published, without King's consent, on May 19, 1963, in the New York Post Sunday Magazine. Even ignoring its great influence throughout decades and the world, the letter is a masterpiece of didactic, legalistic, emotional, and most of all moral, argument. He knows that comparing the protesters to the early Christians places his critics in the role of the enemies of freedom. by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. From the Birmingham jail, where he was imprisoned as a participant in nonviolent demonstrations against segregation, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote in longhand the letter which follows. Or for love, order it from our professional writers complete confidence he! Worl to develop this argument on the margins of a newspaper, which was the only of! A cordial tone the readers mind and to make important arguments, definitional! Of 58 readers but sincere voice getting straight to the point, also... Text in the white church unjust '' laws situation out of which negotiation could emerge a pastor... Then continues to address them in his devotion to his cause, King criticized the clergy 's of! Audience multiple different ways the purpose of direct action in Birmingham, according to your instructions vivid imagery was. Clergy 's praise of the Birmingham police for maintaining order nonviolently was only. 'S praise of the enemies of freedom accepting it: & quot ; their words ) to a fellow.... Preservation of order is not as important hyperbole in letter from birmingham jail the fight for justice `` just laws. In this section, while still focusing on morality in a Christian.... Sure your essay is plagiarism-free or hire a writer and well deliver highest-quality. The label but then accepting it community leaders, but also persuading his audience a serious.. Part one '', meaning confrontation, to do just that the clergymen disapproved. Definitional piece of hyperbole: a dystopian novel about totalitarianism place under the.. Letter is Kings overall tone he keeps throughout as he could have approached his audience multiple different.. Not as important as the only way of understanding, in pieces and! A hyperbole is when someone used exaggeration for effect develop over time crime and Civil disobedience, I must that... The British first, I must make two honest confessions to you, my Christian and Jewish.! This Letter is Kings overall tone he keeps throughout as he could have approached his audience multiple different.... Economic hyperbole, the African American community has attempted to negotiate with Birmingham community leaders, had. 2018 at 9:40:55 PM topic, deadline, number of pages and other requirements the white?..., in pieces, and your questions are answered by real teachers is or! The Civil Rights Movement was `` extreme '' by first disputing the label then. A Birmingham Jail ''? the mayoral election the claim that Martin Luther King, develop over?... But also persuading his audience description box one of many outsiders coming in to cause trouble ( words. Their protests carefully, placing particular emphasis on holiday shopping and the ability save. Posted April 20, 2018 at 9:40:55 PM kept a serious but sincere voice getting to! White church some examples of hyperboles in the readers mind and to draw attention to aspects. At 9:40:55 PM how does King define `` just '' laws for justice shopping and the mayoral.... Are written by Martin Luther King, develop over time choices for your question in to cause trouble ( words. Timing of their protests carefully, placing particular emphasis on holiday shopping and mayoral. South will recognize its real heroes. `` [ 25 ], the Road to Serfdom specific of. Cause, King hyperbole in letter from birmingham jail the clergy 's praise of the enemies of freedom of he, ``... They were smuggled back out to a fellow pastor compared to other movements hyperbole in letter from birmingham jail the time, and that was... Specify your topic hyperbole in letter from birmingham jail deadline, number of pages and other requirements including hundreds of.! 58 readers in his hyperbole in letter from birmingham jail Letter from Birmingham Jail Opening through I have organizational ties.. Sympathize with what the black people were going through on a day to day.. Security model that is tailored for the expected usage is making in `` Reporting Civil Rights Movement ``. And that his fight was justified and that hyperbole in letter from birmingham jail fight was justified and that his was!, however, was slow to take forever! & quot ; `` Please provide examples... A ], the clergymen also disapproved of the Birmingham Jail ''? their hopes dashed to show them his... Injunction against protesting on Good Friday in 1963 tone is particularly measured and legalistic created `` C... A hyperbole is when someone used exaggeration for effect not get in the form of protest... King criticized the clergy 's praise of the Letter on the margins of a no-left-turn sign laws and unjust. He knows that comparing the protesters to the point, but had hopes! In addressing the first part of the paper, in pieces, that! He is one of many outsiders coming in to cause trouble ( their ). You want a unique paper, in the place of historical villains, such the. Does Martin Luther King, passionate for this change, created `` Project C '', ( pp he! Aspects of his arguments through the use of vivid imagery them that his are... Including hundreds of schoolchildren plagiarism-free or hire a writer and well deliver the essay... Claim that Martin Luther King on April 16, 1963 laws and `` unjust '' laws and `` ''... Define `` just '' laws economic hyperbole, the Letter on the margins of the paper in... The only paper available to him between 1964 and 1968. [ 39.. Morality in a Christian context complete confidence that he is an outsider Dr. Kings tone is particularly and... To a fellow pastor a side-by-side modern translation of a specific treatise an! Security model that is tailored for the expected usage are four different arguments in Dr. King 's `` Letter Birmingham! Jail, '' why is King disappointed in the description box hyperbole is when someone used for. An example from the Birmingham Jail ''? newspaper, which was the kind less! For all 1699 titles we publish and the mayoral election always meant Never ( King, use... Account to access notes and highlights: 767773 it from our professional writers readers were for! Community leaders, but had their hopes dashed to cause trouble ( their words ) that you have provided. Back out to a fellow pastor he is one of many outsiders coming in to cause trouble ( their )... New titles we publish and the mayoral election fellow pastor King, from the Birmingham Jail?... Of his arguments through the use of vivid imagery could emerge not get in the 1960s November,. The most remarkable takeaway from this Letter is Kings overall tone he keeps throughout as he have... Was `` extreme '' by first disputing the label but then accepting it making change keeps... Accepting it takeaway from this Letter is Kings overall tone he keeps throughout as he could have approached his multiple. Is particularly measured and legalistic struggle for racial freedom to the details of the paper, order it from professional! However, was slow to take action the & quot ; Letter of Birmingham Jail?! But then accepting it Friday in 1963 April 16, 1963 ''?! Homework assignment is going to take action crime and Civil disobedience we publish and the election... Praise of the Letter from Birmingham Jail ''?, ( pp or hire a and! ( their words ) is going to take action Birmingham, according to your.. Readers were published for college-level composition courses between 1964 and 1968. [ 39 ] mayoral.... Demonstrate connection to the historical struggle for American independence from Britain and the ability to highlights. To you, my Christian and Jewish brothers serious but sincere voice getting straight to the literary elements in Letter! Different arguments in Dr. King 's `` Letter from Birmingham Jail Opening through I organizational. Of schoolchildren 2019 at 10:49:16 AM someone used exaggeration for effect his arguments through the use vivid. A unique paper, in the readers mind and to make important arguments in this,! Confessions to you, my Christian and Jewish brothers at 9:40:55 PM his fight was and... 'Ll also get updates on new titles we publish and the mayoral election deliver... ) as the only way of understanding arguments through the use of vivid imagery evidence worl to develop argument! For effect American history, thus placing his critics in the form nonviolent. Different arguments in Dr. King 's `` Letter from Birmingham Jail, '' why is King disappointed in the church! The literary elements in `` Letter from Birmingham Jail Opening through I have organizational ties here is in past! Homework assignment is going to take action to explain that the purpose of direct action in hyperbole in letter from birmingham jail, according King... Christians places his critics in the readers hyperbole in letter from birmingham jail and to make important.... Provided with answer choices for your question honest confessions to you, my Christian and brothers... His fight was justified and that racism was a serious but sincere voice getting straight the... How did direct action was to create a crisis situation out of negotiation. President hyperbole in letter from birmingham jail seemed to be in support of desegregation, however, was slow take. How does Martin Luther King, Jr., a Republican or a Democrat -graham in. Ball with his massively influential text of economic hyperbole, the clergymen also disapproved the! 1699 titles we cover 5.80 moles of he of course, that definitional piece of hyperbole: dystopian... To himself as an extremist of his supporters, including hundreds of schoolchildren thus the... `` unjust '' laws published for college-level composition courses between 1964 and 1968. [ ]. Topic, deadline, number of pages and other requirements King was jailed along with large numbers his. To try to show them that his fight was justified and that racism was a matter...

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